Rock Music free essay sample

We will examine the origins and advancements of rock music by studying the pertinent social, political, cultural, racial, gender, and class issues that pertain o rock musics history. We will also examine the development of the music business and technology that shaped and distributed it. You will develop listening skills by studying song examples covered in the textbook and in class. We will begin with an introduction to what the study of rock music entails and then focus on listening skills and musical terms to develop a vocabulary with which to discuss and experience selected song examples.The study of music, especially for the newly initiated may be more difficult than you expect. You will be more successful if you approach it in the same way as oh would a foreign language ? immerse yourself by listening to the song examples repeatedly. Ask questions if you do not fully understand something. We will write a custom essay sample on Rock Music or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The same applies to listening skills if you are not hearing the musical characteristics discussed during the lectures and in your readings, please ask for help! This course fulfills the CORE Category II: Methods of Inquiry requirement as an Art elective.Required Text ; Technology: Whats That Sound? 3rd edition by John Covina. Turning Technologies Responded REF clicker. Both can be purchased at the campus bookstore. Required Audio: There are a number of songs to listen to for this class. Some Of these songs can be found on youth. The Interactive Listening Guide application found in the Blackboard course site has direct links to purchase the music from tunes; most of these song examples are also available on Amazon. Download and use the Interactive Listening Guide application while studying the song examples.Course Work and Weighted Percentages: Grading Online Exams 1, 2, 3 (20% each) Criteria 5 Online Quizzes (4% each) 1 0 Written Assignments (1% each) Attendance Participation TRACE Evaluation Lectures (37) Lectures start promptly at 10:30 am and will end at 11 am. Bring your Responded to every class. Attendance and participation with the clicker technology is mandatory. Lectures will include interactive polling and questions to be answered with the clickers, listening to song examples, watching video clips, and live performance demonstrations.Students are responsible for all announcements made at the beginning and end of each lecture. Additionally, reading assignments are due prior to the Mondays lecture in order to fully comprehend the subjects being discussed in class. Blackboard: Course Material Every week new course material will be made available on Blackboard corresponding to the current weeks lecture schedule outlined below. The content areas for each week are the key to your academic success in this class. Each folder will contain a study guide, reading, listening and writing assignments. Visit the Blackboard course frequently! Online Quizzes (5) Online quizzes will be available on specified Thursdays between the hours of 1 1 a. M and 11:55 p. M. The questions are based on the current reading assignment as well as lecture content. You must take the online quizzes between these hours in order to receive a score. All quizzes have a time limit of 32 minutes unless otherwise indicated. Retakes will only be offered to students who experience a Blackboard related error while taking the quiz during regular quiz hours. If this happens, email Brian Burgeon (TA) immediately.Schedule time outside Of class every Thursday to take these quizzes. Browser issues do happen sometimes so please take the following precautions before attempting each online quiz: 1) Restart your computer before taking online quizzes 2) Do NOT run any other programs until you submit your answers 3) Clear your browsers cache ) Turn off pop-up-window blocking programs while taking the quiz. Finally, if you use an unstable wireless network connection while taking the quiz, you might be kicked out of the blackboard system. Its best to use a wired connection.If problems persist, take the quiz on a computer in the library. Written Assignments Weekly written assignments will be available in the Weekly Assignments content area on blackboard. These are based On the reading assignments and taken directly from the textbook. Choose ONE question to answer from the end of the current chapter being studied. Submissions need to be at least en paragraph (5-7 sentences) in length to receive full credit. These assignments are due every Friday by 1 1 p. M. So highly recommend adding calendar events and reminders.If you experience issues submitting your assignment within the deadline, email Brian immediately. Online Exams (3) 3 online exams will be offered throughout the semester; the format consists of 50 multiple-choice questions. The questions will cover 4 chapters of material. The time limit is 100 minutes (2 minutes per question) and the exams will be available Thursdays from 1 1 (immediately after class) through Friday at midnight. If a scheduling conflict exists contact professor Landlubber prior to the exam to schedule an alternate test date. Failure to do this will result in a missed exam score.Exams will be graded on a straight scale with NO curve. Cheating and unauthorized collaborations as defined by the Academic Honesty and Integrity policy (http://www. Oscar. Nee. Dude/) will NOT be tolerated. Students who are found cheating will be prosecuted to the fullest extent! Check Your Academic Progress Regularly Scores for exams, quizzes, and writing assignments can be viewed in the grade book section of blackboard as well as your overall running weighted total. Brian Burgeon will be grading your weekly assignments and monitoring your quiz progress. Rock Music free essay sample In order to grasp an understanding of where Rock Music came from, we must first understand what it is. Today, the term Rock is used as a blanket term, to include alternative styles Of reggae, metal, alternative, rock n roll, and hundreds of other crazy genres and sub-genres. Most agree that rock music, in its purest form, is a simple, unconsecrated type of music grounded in a 4/4 time signature, with the most prominent lead instruments being vocals and electric guitar, and the rhythm being driven by a bass guitar (or stand-up ass) and simple, driving drumming.In addition, there is often piano, or Hammond organ added to give the music a fuller, more bluesy and rooted sound. There are obviously hundreds of variations on this style, as bands like The Dave Matthews Band have incorporated violin and saxophone into a jazz and world-beat driven rock style, or bands like The Trans-Siberian Orchestras Orchestra-Rock styling employing 33 musicians in one band. We will write a custom essay sample on Rock Music or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Of all the hundreds of styles, differing from band to band, we must be able to decipher rock musics true roots. It IS questionable where rocks first appearance was made, but it is the general consensus that it began to appear in the early sasss.Now- famous Disc Jockey Alan Freed of Columbus, Ohio, coined the phrase rock n roll in 1951 , according to the Encyclopedia Britannica. Many argue who had the first, true Rock n Roll record, whether it was Fats Domino in 1949, or Bill Haley and his Comets in 1951 with the popular hit Rock Around the Clock. Of all the artists among whom it is argued started this wildly popular genre, few of its founders have had the impact that the legendary Elvis Presley did With his release of his single Thats Alright in 1954.It can be said that it was the first song that contained all the elements of rock, both musically, and lyrically; including its simplistic but universal message of heartbreak with a resolution of independence at the end of the song. It is simple, but it is the essence of rock n roll. Elvis went on to become the best-selling solo artist in music history, selling a certified 182. 6 million records in the U. S. Alone, and an estimated 600 million- 1 billion sold worldwide. These astonishing numbers are absolutely astounding for one man to do, but they dont top the list Of rock n roll artists.In the next paragraph, will segue into the always popular and record- setting Beetles and Rolling stones, with the start of the British Invasion into Rock Music. I plan to continue with the injection of Folk music from Bob Dylan into popular music, and move through the late 6(Yes and asss with the invention of Heavy Metal by Led Zeppelin and similar artists. Then, branching off of heavy metal, I plan to outline the trending changes in music wrought the asss psychedelic music into the hair metal and disco-rock of the asss, with the emergence of Grunge from Seattle in the sasss. Onto have an extremely in-depth plan for how Id like to do this, as this paper really is just a straight history paper of a subject I love. Rock music free essay sample Other major rock-music styles include rock and roll (also known as rock n roll), the first genre of the music; and rhythm-and-blues music (RB), influenced mainly by black American musicians (see African American Music). Each Of these major genres encompasses a variety Of subtitles, such as heavy metal, punk, alternative, and grunge. While innovations in rock music have often occurred in regional centers?such as New York City; Kingston, Jamaica; ND Liverpool, England?the influence of rock music is now felt worldwide.II Musical Elements The central musical instrument in most kinds of rock music is the electric guitar. Important figures in the history of this instrument include jazz musician Charlie Christian, who in the late sass was one of the first to play the amplified guitar as a solo instrument; Other instruments commonly used in rock music include the electric bass guitar keyboard instruments such as the electric piano, organ, and synthesizer; and the drum set, anInstruments that play important roles in certain rock-music genres include the saxophone?prominent in jazz-rock and soul music?and a wide assortment of traditional instruments used in worldwide music. We will write a custom essay sample on Rock music or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The microphone also functions as a musical instrument for many rock singers, who rely upon the amplification and various effects (such as echo) obtainable through electronic means. Rock music also shares more complex technical aspects. Most rock music is based on the same harmonies as Western music, especially the chords known as tonic, subdivision, and dominantThe musical form of rock music varies. Rock and roll of the late sass relied heavily upon 12-bar blues and 32-bar song forms. Some rock bands of the late 1 sass experimented with more flexible, open-ended forms, and some rock bands of the sass developed suite forms derived from classical music. Another important formal development in rock music has been the so-called concept album, a succession of musical pieces tied together by a loose narrative theme.Much rock music is performed at high volume levels, so the music has been closely tied to developments in electronic technology. Rock musicians have pioneered new studio recording techniques, such as multi-tracking?a process Of recording different song segments at different times and layering them on top of one another?and digital sampling, the reproduction by a computer of the patterns of a particular sound. Rock concerts, typically huge events involving thousands of audience members, often feature high-tech theatrical stage effects, including synchronized lighting.Rock music is a genre of popular music with a reorient vocal melody, accompanied by electric guitar, bass guitar, and drums. Many styles of rock music also use keyboard instruments such as organ, piano, maelstrom, and synthesizers. Other instruments sometimes utilized in rock include saxophone, harmonica, violin, flute, French horn, banjo, melodic, and timpani. Also, less common stringed instruments such as mandolin and sitar are used. Rock music usually has a strong back beat, and often revolves around the guitar, either solid electric, hollow el ectric, or acoustic.

Byzantine Civilization of the Middle Ages

Byzantine Civilization of the Middle Ages In the fifth century AD, the mighty Roman Empire fell to invading barbarians and complex internal pressures. The land that had been centrally governed for centuries disintegrated into numerous warring states. The safety and privileges enjoyed by some residents of the empire vanished to be replaced by a constant state of danger and uncertainty; others merely traded one set of daily terrors for another. Europe was plunged into what Renaissance scholars would label a dark age. Yet Byzantium remained. The Empire of Byzantium was the eastern portion of the Roman Empire, which was divided in 395 A.D. Its capital of Constantinople, located on a peninsula, was naturally secure from invasion on three sides, and its fourth side was fortified with a network of three walls that withstood direct attack for over a thousand years. Its stable economy provided a strong military and, together with an abundant food supply and advanced civil engineering, a high standard of living. Christianity was firmly entrenched in Byzantium, and literacy was more widespread there than in any other nation in the middle ages. Although the predominant language was Greek, Latin was also fairly common, and at one point all seventy-two of the worlds known languages were represented in Constantinople. Intellectual and artistic endeavors thrived. This is not to say that the Byzantine Empire was an oasis of peace in the desert of the perilous middle ages. On the contrary, its long history is marked by numerous wars and remarkable internal strife. Its official borders expanded and shrank several times as its rulers attempted to restore the empire to its former glory or fought off invaders (or occasionally attempted both simultaneously). The penal system was so harsh as to be viewed by western crusaders no strangers to mutilation and other extreme measures in their own systems of justice as exceedingly cruel. Nevertheless, Byzantium remained the most stable nation of the middle ages. Its central location between western Europe and Asia not only enriched its economy and its culture but allowed it to serve as a barrier against aggressive barbarians from both areas. Its rich historiographical tradition (strongly influenced by the church) preserved ancient knowledge upon which splendid art, architecture, literature and technological achievements were built. It is not an altogether unfounded assumption that the Renaissance could not have flourished were it not for the groundwork laid in Byzantium. The exploration of Byzantine civilization is undeniably significant in the study of medieval world history. To ignore it would be akin to studying the classical era without considering the cultural phenomenon of ancient Greece. Unfortunately, much (but thankfully not all) historical investigation into the middle ages has done just that. Historians and students often focused on the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the numerous changes in Europe without ever once glancing at Byzantium. It was often mistakenly believed that the Byzantine Empire was a static state that had little impact on the rest of the medieval world. Fortunately, this view is changing, and a great wealth of information concerning Byzantine Studies has recently been produced much of it available on the net. Selective Byzantine TimelineHighlights from the dynastic history of the Eastern Roman Empire. Byzantine Studies IndexA multilevel directory of useful sites about the people, places, art, architecture, religious history, military history and general history of the Eastern Roman Empire. Also includes maps and useful resources for the professional. Suggested ReadingUseful and informative books about the Eastern Roman Empire, from general histories to biographies, art, militaria, and other fascinating topics. The Forgotten Empire is copyright  © 1997 by Melissa Snell and licensed to About.com. Permission is granted to reproduce this article for personal or classroom use only, provided that the URL is included. For reprint permission, please contact Melissa Snell.

Two-Criteria, Two-Alternative Decision Template Essay

Two-Criteria, Two-Alternative Decision Template - Essay Example It will feature originality of growing organics, herbs and flowers that would attract the large population of Bedrock as people are getting to be health conscious. It has an assurance of flow of customers because of location. The flow of customers generates new needs and new markets. Thus, it creates competences to arrive at ideas to promote its products and services. There is no competition in the farmhouse location and French cooking is a new dining experience Traffic is not much a problem. The extra 15 minute drive to the farmhouse compensates the time between beating downtown traffic. The local critic can become a word of mouth in advertising the place and could be a possible source of capital. [$1,200 x 5 years = $72,000 vs. $600 x 5 years =$36,000] =$36,000. The savings on lease could be devoted to development of the landscape, garden, and open door dining. It will also be a good place for family gathering and children. Besides, option to buy is a good proposition. Option B is recommended because of the originality of ideas that is designed to meet customer demands. It also answers your requirement for a modest capital, a steady flow of customers, and for a quick income. On Option A – the growth potential in downtown area is limited because of the stiff competition that saturates the area. There are other restaurants offering French cuisine which is the attraction of Flintstone restaurant. Because it is in downtown, customers have many choices and establishing a new restaurant in the area needs more attractions to develop interest of customers. It has to do a lot of advertising and promotion to create awareness of people passing by. Cost of operations in downturn area is a big challenge as it is more expensive. Lease in downturn is higher that is complemented by higher cost of supplies and labor. Option A is not a good selection

HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGMENT 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGMENT 2 - Assignment Example It is recommendable for the company to make use of a flexible benefit option that will allow employees to get compensation in accordance with their desires and needs. Performance appraisal is defined as the structural formal interaction between supervisors and subordinates which usually take the form of a periodic interview through which the subordinates work performance is examined in order to identify the strengths and weaknesses, as well as opportunities for improvement and skill development. Performance appraisal system (PAS) is aimed at improving the performance of the overall organization by encouraging a high involvement level and motivation on the employees, as well as increases participation (Toppo & Prusty 2012). The system also establishes a process to use in the achievement of accountability and responsibility in the process of executing programmes in the organization. The human resource management of the Coca-Cola India Ltd believes that on the importance of employees as they are the main drivers of the company. The HR considers the employee as being its greatest assets and it requires their ultimate dedication to employments to make the best out of the company. The main objectives of using the appraisal system to the company are to: Recognize the top performers of the company- The company aims at recognizing and providing positive feedback on all top performers in order to ensure that they are motivated and challenged to enhance the growth of the company Improve planning- The Company aims at reviewing the status of all bottom performers in order to take all appropriate actions. The appraisal system helps the company to prepare performance improvement plan for all the bottom performers. Performance delivery and review of results- The Company aims at assessing the progress of the business results, assessing the progress on the competencies and development of the workers and to make clarifications on the

B2C Compared to B2B Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

B2C Compared to B2B - Essay Example (2006c) By combining both the aspects, Internet and supply chain, we can define B2B as those "portals that allow businesses to deal directly with their suppliers and distributors online, thereby allowing electronic transfer of orders, invoices, payments etc. Wholesalers, distributors, and manufacturers fall in this category". (2006a) B2B websites serves as primary or direct link, which connect suppliers to suppliers or business-to-business while "B2C websites are intermediary portals that link customers to suppliers as its main concern is selling to the end user". (2006a) "From a 'solution-oriented' perspective, a B2C site is just the end point of B2B and B2C supply chain". (2006c) "Research suggests that that both the e-commerce and advertising expenditure numbers for B2B will grow faster than B2C in the coming years. Given the consensus about the importance of B2B e-commerce and advertising, it is surprising that B2C websites have received much more than their fair share of research attention in the Journal of Advertising Research as well as in other journals". (Chakraborty et al, 2003, p. 50) "Distributors have not lagged behind in fulfilling the need of bridging the gap between manufacturer and end consumer". (2006b) "This would be less of a concern if the advertising objectives and the sales processes were similar between B2B and B2C domains. But, many differences exist between these two domains." (Chakraborty et al, 2003, p. ... Security issues are centered on transmission and storage of transactional information by a website. As in the case of privacy, consumers experience a lack of control over the payment information provided to a website. Security issues are shared by the websites and consumers. This has led many websites to resolve the technical issues related to security. In spite of these measures, visitors may still perceive the website to be unsafe. Reduction in perceptions of security concerns affects web usage. (Chakraborty et al, 2003, p. 50) B2C websites includes on-line trading, biddings, auctions, stock trading markets etc. Ebay and Amozon.com are one of the most successful B2C integration these days. If we look at the causes of building e-business integrations, it would be noticed that "a primary reason for building such initiatives internally is that value chains are only as strong as their weakest link, devoting extensive time, resources, and capital to B2B projects seldom yield substantial return on investment if internal systems are not integrated. Simply connecting applications on a point-to-point basis is not enough. Without a thoroughly integrated internal infrastructure, B2B initiatives are sure to provide little value in the best-case scenario, or no value in the worst. To fully achieve the kind of business process visibility required to gain true insight into the enterprise and supply chain, companies must rise out of the fiefdoms of information and departmental approaches to conducting business. They need the ability to define enterprise business processes that can span across multiple systems and business partners that reside beyond the firewall. These processes are

Cryptographic Techniques For Network Security Cryptography Computer Science Essay

Cryptographic Techniques For Network Security Cryptography Computer Science Essay The rapid growth of electronic communication means that issues in information security are of increasing practical importance. Message exchanged over worldwide publicly accessible computer networks must be kept confidential and protected against manipulation. Cryptography provides solutions to all these problems. Cryptography, a word with Greek origins means secret writing. We use the term to refer to the science and art of transforming messages to make them secure and immune to attacks. Cryptography is the practice and study of hiding information. In modern times, cryptography is considered to be a branch of both mathematics and computer science, and is affiliated closely with information theory, computer security, and engineering. Cryptography is used in applications present in technologically advanced societies; examples include the security of ATM cards, computer passwords, electronic commerce, which all depend on cryptography. SECURITY GOALS Availability Integrity Confidentiality Security goals CONFIDENTIALITY Confidentiality is probably the most common aspect of information security. We need to protect our confidential information. An organization need to guard those malicious actions that endanger the confidentiality of its information. In the military, concealment of sensitive information is the major concern. In industry, hiding some information from competitors is crucial to the operation of the organization. In banking, customers account need to be kept secret. Confidentiality not only applies to the storage of the information, it also applies to the transmission of information. When we send a piece of information to be stored in a remote computer or when we retrieve a piece of information from a computer, we need to conceal it during transmission. INTEGRITY Information needs to be changed constantly. In a blank, when a customer deposits or with draws money, the balance of her account needs to be changed. Integrity means that changes need to be done only by authorized entities and through authorised mechanisms. Integrity violation is not necessary the result of a malicious act; an interruption in the system, such as a power surge, may also create unwanted changes in some information. AVAILABILITY The third component of information security is availability. The information created and stored by an organization needs to be available to authorized entities. Information is useless if it is not available. Information needs to be constantly changed. Which means it must be accessible to authorised entities. The unavailability of information is just as harmful for an organization as the lack of confidentiality or integrity. Imagine what would happen to a bank if the customers could not access their accounts for transactions. SECURITY SERVICES It is easy to relate one or more of these services to one or more of the security goals. It is easy to see that these services have been designed to prevent the security attacks that we have mentioned. Data confidentiality It is designed to protect data from disclosure attack. The service as defined by X.800 is very broad and encompasses confidentiality of the whole message or part of a message and also protection against traffic analysis. That is, it is designed to prevent snooping and traffic analysis attack. Data integrity It is designed to protect data from the modification, insertion, deletion, and replaying by an adversary. It may protect the whole message or part of the message. Authentication This service provides the authentication of the party at the other end of the line. In connection oriented communication, it provides authentication of the sender or receiver during the connection establishment. In connectionless communication, it authenticates the source of the data. Non repudiation Non repudiation services protects against repudiation by either the sender or the receiver of the data. In non repudiation with proof of the origin, the receiver of the data can later prove the identity of the sender if denied. In non repudiation with proof of delivery, the sender of data can later prove that data were delivered to the intended to the intended recipient. Access control It provides protection against unauthorised access to data. The term access in this definition is very broad and can involve reading, writing, modifying, executing programs, and so on. CRYPTOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES SYMMETRIC KEY ENCRYPTION It is also called as secret key cryptography is a cryptographic technique where the two parties share a secret key. Data are encrypted and decrypted using the same key. The sender encrypts data using the key. Once transmitted, the receiver should use the same key to interpret the message. C:UsersmadhuDesktopsyymm.PNG Figure 1. Symmetric encryption algorithm Symmetric encryption is computationally fast, meaning that it can occur in real time on content that is unknown previously. All securely transmitted live traffic today is encrypted using symmetric encryption algorithms for example such as live telephone conversation, streaming video transmission, high speed data link. Asymmetric Key Encryption In asymmetric key encryption, different keys are used for encrypting and decrypting a message. The asymmetric key algorithms that are most useful are those in which neither key can be made public while the other is kept secure. There are some distinct advantages to this public-key-private-key arrangement, often referred to as public key cryptography; the necessity of distributing secret keys to a large numbers of users is eliminated. And the algorithm can be used for authentications as well as for cryptography. Asymmetric cipher algorithms are based on heavy mathematical operations, thus they are not efficient at processing large blocks of data. They are often used to safely exchange small session keys. C:UsersmadhuDesktopasymm.PNG Figure 2: Asymmetric Encryption Algorithm Cryptanalysis As cryptography is the science and art of creating secret codes, cryptanalysis is the science and art of breaking those codes. In addition to studying cryptography techniques, we also need to study cryptanalysis techniques. This is needed, not to break other peoples codes, but to learn how vulnerable our cryptosystem is. The study of cryptanalysis helps us create better secret codes. There are four common types of cryptanalysis attacks Cryptanalysis attack Chosen ciphertext Chosen plaintext Known plaintext Ciphertext only Figure 4: cryptanalysis attacks Ciphertext Only Attack In ciphertext only attack, Eve has access to only some cipher text. She tries to find out the corresponding key and the plain text. The assumption is that Eve knows the algorithm and can intercept the cipher text. The cipher text only attack is the most probable one because Eve needs only the cipher text for this attack. To thwart the decryption of a message by an adversary, a cipher must be very resisting to this type of attack. Various methods can be used in ciphertext only attack. Brute force attack In the brute force method or exhaustive key search method, Eve tries to use all possible keys. We assume that Eve knows the algorithm and knows the key domain. Using the intercepted cipher, Eve decrypts the cipher text with every possible key until the plain text makes sense. Using brute force attack was a difficult task in the past; it is easier today using a computer. To prevent this type of attack, the number of possible keys must be very large. Statistical attack The cryptanalyst can benefit from some inherent characteristics of the plain text language to launch a statistical attack. For example we know that the letter E is the most frequently used letter in English text. The cryptanalyst finds the mostly used character in the cipher text and assumes that the corresponding plain text character is E. After finding a few pairs, the analyst can find the key and use it to decrypt the message. To prevent this type of attack, the cipher should hide the characteristics of the language. Pattern attack Some ciphers may hide the characteristics of the language, but may create some patterns in the ciphertext. A cryptanalyst may use a pattern attack to break the cipher. Therefore, it is important to use the ciphers that make the ciphertext look as random as possible. Known Plaintext Attack In a known plaintext attack, Eve has access to some plain or ciphertext pairs in addition to the intercepted ciphertext that Eve wants to break. The plain or ciphertext pairs have been collected earlier. Alice has sent a secret message to bob, but Alice later made the contents of the message public. Eve has kept both the cipher and the plaintext to use them to break the next secret message from Alice to Bob, assuming that Alice has not changed her key. Eve uses the relationship between the previous pair to analyze the current ciphertext. The same methods used in the ciphertext-only attack can be applied here. This attack is easier to implement because Eve has more information to us for analysis. However, it is less likely to happen because Alice may have changed her key or may have not disclosed the contents of any previous messages. Chosen Plaintext Attack The chosen plaintext attack is similar to the known plaintext attack, but the plaintext or ciphertext pairs have been chosen by the attacker. This can happen, for example, if Eve has access to Alice computer. She can choose some plaintext and intercept the created ciphertext. Of course, she does not have the key because the key is normally embedded in the software used by the sender. This type of attack is much easier to implement, but it is much less likely to happen. Chosen Ciphertext Attack The chosen ciphertext attack is similar to the chosen plaintext attack, except that the Eve chooses some ciphertext and decrypts it to form a ciphertext or plaintext pair. This can happen if Eve has access to Bobs computer. TRADITIONAL CIPHERS We can divide traditional symmetric key ciphers into two broad categories substitution ciphers and transposition ciphers. In a substitution cipher, we replace one symbol in the cipher text with another symbol; in a transposition cipher, we reorder the position of symbols in the plaintext. Substitution ciphers A substitution cipher replaces one symbol with another. If the symbols in the plaintext are alphabetic characters, we replace one character with another. For example, we can replace letter A with letter D, and letter T with letter Z. If the symbols are digits (0 to 9), we can replace 3 with 7, and 2 with 6. Substitution ciphers can be categorized as either monoalphabetic ciphers or polyalphabetic ciphers. Monoalphabetic ciphers We first discuss a group of substitution ciphers called the monoalphabetic ciphers. In monoalphabetic substitution, a character in the plaintext is always changed to the same character in the ciphertext regardless of its position in the text. For example, if the algorithm says that letter A in the plaintext is changed to letter D. In other words, the relationship between letters in the plaintext and the ciphertext is one to one. Example: we use lowercase character to show the plaintext; we use the uppercase characters to show the ciphertext. The cipher is probably the monoalphabetic because both 1s are encrypted as 0s. Plaintext: hello ciphertext: khoor Caesar cipher Caesar cipher is a special case of substitution techniques wherein each alphabet in a message is replaced by an alphabet three places down the line. Caesar cipher is susceptible to a statistical ciphertext only attack. Julius Caesar used this additive cipher to communicate with his officers. For this reason additive ciphers are referred as Caesar cipher. Caesar cipher used a key of 3 for his communications. P a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u C A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 v w x y z V W X Y Z 21 22 23 24 25 For example: let the message hello is encrypted with the key of 15. Then all the characters in the ciphertext will be shifted from 15. Then the answer is hello= WTAAD Mathematically C (ciphertext) = (P+K) mod 26 (K= key) P (plaintext) = (C-K) mod 26 To encrypt message hello Plaintext h= 7 encryption (7+15)mod 26 C= 22=> W Plaintext e= 4 encryption (4+15)mod 26 C= 19=> T To decrypt WTAAD Ciphertext W=22 decryption (22-15)mod 26 P= 7=>h Ciphertext T=19 decryption (19-15)mod 26 p= 4=>e Cryptanalysis Caesar ciphers are vulnerable to ciphertext only attacks using exhaustive key searches (brute force attack). The key domain of the Caesar cipher is very small; there are only 26 keys. However, one of the keys, zero, is useless (the ciphertext is same as the plaintext). This leaves only 25 possible keys. Eve can easily launch a brute force attack on the ciphertext. Caesar cipher using cryptool Working the same example using cryptool, first of all, to acquaint ourselves with the Caesar encryption algorithm we will open a document, encrypt it and then decrypt it again. We will then try to get the computer to work out the key with which a plaintext is encrypted. This plaintext document is encrypted using the Caesar encryption algorithm by selecting the menu crypt/decrypt. C:UsersmadhuDesktopcaseaer 5.PNG Then the following dialog box appears. The key we enter is the number 15. Additionally, we change the options how to interpret the alphabet characters. The first alphabet character is set to 1 (if we set the character to 0 and use A as key, then the resulting ciphertext is the same as the plaintext). C:UsersmadhuDesktopcaesar 3.PNG Clicking on the Encrypt button opens a new window that contains the encrypted text. It becomes apparent that the letters have been shifted by 15 positions. So the word hello, is now wtaad C:UsersmadhuDesktopcaeser 6.PNG The plaintext version of this encrypted document can now be obtained by selecting crypt/decrypt again. In this dialog box which appears we now enter the key with which the document was encrypted (15). This time it has to be decrypted so decrypt button must be selected. Now the next step is to find the key using cryptanalysis. The plaintext window is made active by clicking on it. Now the entropy is selected via the menu selection Analysis/General/Entropy) C:UsersmadhuDesktopentropy.PNG Now the frequency distribution of the letters is calculated. The histogram of the encrypted document letter frequencies have been shifted by 15 positions. That means the encryption algorithm is not secure. Moreover Z shifts the text by 26 positions so that the encrypted text is actually identical with the unencrypted text. Hence there are really only 25 keys. The Caesar encryption algorithm can be broken easily by a ciphertext only attack. To perform such an attack, restore the window containing the encrypted text to the window and select Analysis/ciphertext only/ Caesar. The text will automatically be analyzed. By analyzing the superposition it is possible to discover the key which was used to encrypt this document. In this case it was the letter P. When the decrypt button is clicked the plaintext appears, i.e. the text that has been decrypted with the key p that was discovered. So the cryptool successfully found the key with which the document has been encrypted. C:UsersmadhuDesktopcaesar 8.PNG Analysis of Caesar Cipher Advantages Very easy to use The encryption and decryption can be done very quickly Disadvantages The encryption and decryption algorithms are known There are only 25 keys to try The language of the plaintext is known and easily recognizable. Applications It was used biblical times can be found on the back of Mezuzah where it encrypts the name of the god. During the First World War the Russian army used this method to relay messages to troops. It is used as an application in the Android version 1.4.0 Polyalphabetic Cipher In polyalphabetic substitution, each occurrence of a character may have a different substitute. The relationship between characters in the plaintext to a character in the ciphertext is one-to-many. For example, a could be enciphered as D in the beginning of the text, but as N at the middle. Polyalphabetic ciphers have the advantage of hiding the letter frequency of the underlying language. Eve cannot use single letter frequency statistic to break the ciphertext. To create a polyalphabetic cipher, we need to make each ciphertext character dependent on both the corresponding plaintext character and the position of the plaintext character in the message. This implies that our key should be stream of subkeys, in which each subkey depends somehow on the position of the plaintext character that uses that subkey for encipherment. In other words, we need to have a key stream k= (k1,k2,k3.) in which ki is used to encipher the ith character in the plaintext to create the ith character in the ciphertext. Playfair Cipher Playfair cipher is the example of polyalphabetic cipher. The secret key in this cipher is made of 25 alphabet letters arranged in a 55 matrix (letters I and J are considered the same when encrypting). Different arrangements of the letters in the matrix can create many different secret keys. One of the possible arrangements is shown below L G D B A Q M H E C U R N I/J F X V S O K Z Y W T P Before encryption, if the two letters in a pair are the same, a bogus letter is inserted to separate them. After inserting bogus letters, if the number of characters in the plaintext is odd, one extra bogus character is added at the end to make the number of characters even. The cipher uses three rules for encryption If the two letters in a pair are located in the same row of the secret key, the corresponding encrypted character for each letter is the next letter to the right in the same row (with wrapping to the beginning of the row if the plaintext letter is the last character in the row). If the two letters in a pair are located in the same row of the secret key, the corresponding encrypted character for each letter is the letter beneath it in the same column (with wrapping to the beginning of the column if the plaintext letter is the last character in the column). If the two letters in a pair are not in the same row or column of the secret, the corresponding encrypted for each letter is a letter that is in its own row but in the same column as the other letter. The playfair cipher meets the criteria for a polyalphabetic cipher. The key is a stream of subkeys in which the subkeys are created two at a time. In playfair cipher, the key stream and the cipher stream are the same. This means that the above mentioned rules can be thought of as the rules for creating the key stream. The encryption algorithm takes a pair of characters from plaintext and creates a pair of subkeys by following the above mentioned rules. We can say that the key stream depends on the position of the character in the plaintext. Position dependency has a different interpretation here the subkey for each plaintext character depends on the next previously neighbour. If P= P1, P2, P3 C= C1, C2, C3. K= [(k1, k2), (k3, k4) ] Encryption: Ci = ki Decryption: Pi = ki Example: keyword is PLAYFAIR P L A Y F I R E X M B C D G H J K N O S T U V W Z ENCRYPT: hide the gold underground plaintext HI DE TH EG OL DU ND ER GR OU ND ciphertext BM ND ZB XD KY CV VN XE CX KW VN DECRYPT: DMYRYKEVGHWGNGPXM ciphertext DM YR YK EV GH WG NG GP XM plaintext HE LX LO AN DG OX OD BY EX Message: Hello and Goodbye. Cryptanalysis of a Playfair Cipher Brute force attack on a playfair cipher is very difficult. The size of the key domain is 25! (Factorial 25). In addition, the encipherment hides the single letter frequency of the characters. However, the frequencies of diagrams are preserved. So a cryptanalyst can use a ciphertext-only attack based on the diagram frequency test to find a key. Analysis of playfair Advantages The main advantage of the system is it robs a cryptanalyst as they are no longer looking for recurring encoding as in an letter e can be encrypted as different letter each time. Playfair was long time considerably unbreakable. There are 26 letters so it is 26*26=676 diagrams which are quiet difficult to break. Disadvantages Still leaves much of the language structure Frequency distribution of letters Few 100s of ciphertext letters are enough for cryptanalysis. Applications Playfair cipher was used by British army during World War 1. When John F. Kennedys PT-109 was sunk by a Japanese controlled plum pudding island and was able to send an emergency message in playfair from an allied coast watchers hut to arrange the rescue of the survivors from his crew. Playfair crossword by Beetlejuice is an example puzzle using playfair as a gimmick. Vigenere Cipher Vigenere cipher made an immediate success as a field cipher. This type of polyalphabetic cipher was designed by Blaise de Vigenere, a sixteenth century French mathematician. A vigenere cipher uses a different strategy to create the key stream. The key stream is a repetition of an initial secret key stream of length m, where we have 1 P= p1p2p3.. C= c1c2c3 K= [(k1,k2,k3km),(k1,k2,k3km),] Encryption: Ci= Pi+Ki Decryption: Pi= Ci-Ki One important difference between the vigenere cipher and the other polyalphabetic ciphers is that the vigenere cipher key stream does not depend on the plaintext characters; it depends only on the position of the character in the plaintext. In other words the key stream can be created without knowing what the plaintext is. Example mathematically She is listening this message should be encrypted using the keyword PASCAL. plaintext s h e i s l i s t e n i n g P values 18 7 4 8 18 11 8 18 19 4 13 8 13 6 key 15 0 18 2 0 11 15 0 18 2 0 11 15 0 C values 7 7 22 10 18 22 23 18 11 6 13 19 2 6 Ciphertext H H W K S W X S L G N T C G Another way to look at viginere ciphers is through what is called a Vigenere Tableau. The first row shows the plaintext character to be encrypted. The first column contains the characters to be used by the key. The rest of the tableau shows the ciphertext characters. To find the ciphertext for the plaintext she is listening using the word pascal as the key, we can find s in the first row, p in the first column, the cross section is the ciphertext character H. We can find h in the first row and A in the second column, the cross section is the ciphertext character H. The same method should be followed until all the ciphertext characters are found. C:UsersmadhuDesktoptable.PNG Vigenere Tableau Cryptanalysis of Vigenere Cipher Vigenere ciphers do not preserve the frequency of characters. The cryptanalysis here consists of two parts for finding out the length of the key and finding the key itself. Several methods has been devised to find the length of the key but one method called kaisiski test, the cryptanalysis searches for repeated text segments, of atleast three characters, in the ciphertext. Suppose that two of the segments are found and the distance between them is d. The cryptanalyst assumes that d/m where m is the key length. If more repeated segments with distances d1,d2,d3.dn then gcd (d1,d2,d3,..dn)/m. This assumption is logical because if two characters are the same are k*m (k= 1,2,) characters part in the ciphertext. Cryptanalyst uses segment of at least three characters to avoid the cases where the character in the key are not distinct. After the length of the key is found, the cryptanalyst uses the idea of dividing the ciphertext into m different pieces and applies the method used to crypt analyze the additive cipher, including the frequency attack. Each ciphertext piece can be decrypted and put together to create the whole plaintext. Vigenere Cipher Using Cryptool To perform vigenere cipher encryption a new document is opened and then the encryption and decryption is performed. C:UsersmadhuDesktopvin1.PNG This plaintext document is encrypted using the vigenere encryption algorithm by selecting the keys crypt/decrypt/vigenere following which another dialog box appears. C:UsersmadhuDesktopvin3.PNG By clicking on the Encrypt button opens a new window that contains the encrypted text. C:UsersmadhuDesktopvin2.PNG The plaintext of this document can now be obtained by selecting crypt/decrypt/vigenere. In the dialog box which appears then where the key with which the document was encrypted. This time the document is to be decrypted. Therefore the decrypt button must be selected. C:UsersmadhuDesktopvin3.PNG By clicking on the decrypt button the plaintext document appears immediately. C:UsersmadhuDesktopvin4.PNG To find the key with which the document was encrypted. Restore the encrypted document window and then select analysis/ciphertext only/vigenere, following with which the text will automatically be analyzed. C:UsersmadhuDesktopvin5.PNG It is possible to work out the key length from the regular peaks in the autocorrelation. It is correctly calculated at 6 characters. C:UsersmadhuDesktopvin6.PNG When the continue button is clicked, another dialog box opens to display the key that has been computed. C:UsersmadhuDesktopvin7.PNG By clicking on the decrypt button the dialog box disappears and another window opens which contains the plaintext. C:UsersmadhuDesktopvin8.PNG Hill Cipher Hill cipher is invented by Lester S. Hill. This polyalphabetic cipher divides the plaintext into equal size blocks. The encrypted one at a time in such a way that each character in the block contributes to the encryption of other characters in the block. Hill cipher belongs to the category of ciphers called block ciphers. C1= (+ + ) mod 26 C2= (+ + ) mod 26 C3= (+ + ) mod 26 The encryption algorithm takes m successive plaintext letters and substitute for them m ciphertext letter. The substitution is determined by m linear equations in which each character is assigned a numerical value (a=0, b=1,c=2, ..z=25). This can be expressed in terms of column vectors and matrices = mod 26 C = KP mod 26 where C and P are column vectors representing the plaintext and ciphertext. K is the encrypting key. Example for Hill Cipher: Plaintext: pay more money Key (K) = C = KP mod 26 = mod 26 = = LNS For plaintext pay, ciphertext is LNS. The entire ciphertext is LNSHDLEWMTRW. For the decryption of the hill cipher is done using the inverse of the matrix K. Cryptanalysis of Hill Cipher Ciphertext-only attack on hill cipher is difficult. Even brute force attack on a hill cipher is extremely difficult because the key is an m*m matrix. Each entry in the matrix can have one of the 26 values. At first glance, this means that the size of the key domain is. Secondly the hill ciphers do not preserve the statistics of the plaintext. Frequency analysis cannot be run on single letters, diagrams and trigrams. A frequency analysis of words of size m might work, but this is very rare that a plaintext has many strings of size m that are the same.

Jack Black :: essays research papers

I. INTRO Me and my brother Kyle, we were walking down this long and lonesome road, when all of a sudden there shined a shiny teacher, in the middle of the road, and she said, write the best speech in the world, or I’ll eat your soul. If you haven’t figured it out already I chose to do my speech on the great Thomas Black or better known as Jack Black. Actor, comedian, singer songwriter, and lead vocalist for tenacious D. How many people really know anything bout Jack Black, other than he has been in some movies, played some so-so parts, and seems to make an ass of himself? Well then let me fill you in. II. BODY A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Thomas Black, born august 28th, 1969 in Hermosa Beach, California a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  mother and father satellite engineers and jack Only child together, b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  always battling for their attention. At this point young Jack went to Hebrew school, were even then he was hailed as the class clown. B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  His parents divorced when he was 10 and a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  moved 8 bedroom house mom near MGM studios. b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  rented out rooms Jack came to know a music loving journalist C.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At this time jack became a troubled student only interested in music, arts, and theatre a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  age 8, played the wizard in a summer camp production of wizard of oz, b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   muscled his way into every show he could. D.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  age of thirteen first TV ad for the activision game Pitfall, a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  not a sign that that jacks acting career moving upwards. b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   15 jack got into cocaine, c.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  stolen money from his mom sent school for difficult teens, d.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  on campus therapists helped him greatly. E.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It was at a specialist arts and science school that he rediscovered At UCLA member of Tim Robbins acting troupe and it was now that Black Kyle Gass. a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   comic possibilities of stadium Rock. F.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  two chunky guys bashing on acoustic guitars, tribute to the greatest one a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  biggest cult bands of the late 90’s and 2000’s. G.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The D’s act showcased blacks theatrical abilities, amazing vocals, and gass’s support on the guitar a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  smoking pot, their musical and sexual powers, and subjects right out of dungeons and dragons. H.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The duo began playing together in 1994, Al’s Bar, playing just one number a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  the afore mentioned homage to the greatest song, â€Å"Tribute.† I.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  film debut in 1996’s Bio-Dome. hit it big, a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Beck, Pearl Jam, and the Foo Fighters. J.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2001 critical mass second nation wide tour selling out shows K.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  successfully maintaining band comedic star a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  High Fidelity, with Jon Cusack Tim Robbins Jack Black :: essays research papers I. INTRO Me and my brother Kyle, we were walking down this long and lonesome road, when all of a sudden there shined a shiny teacher, in the middle of the road, and she said, write the best speech in the world, or I’ll eat your soul. If you haven’t figured it out already I chose to do my speech on the great Thomas Black or better known as Jack Black. Actor, comedian, singer songwriter, and lead vocalist for tenacious D. How many people really know anything bout Jack Black, other than he has been in some movies, played some so-so parts, and seems to make an ass of himself? Well then let me fill you in. II. BODY A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Thomas Black, born august 28th, 1969 in Hermosa Beach, California a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  mother and father satellite engineers and jack Only child together, b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  always battling for their attention. At this point young Jack went to Hebrew school, were even then he was hailed as the class clown. B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  His parents divorced when he was 10 and a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  moved 8 bedroom house mom near MGM studios. b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  rented out rooms Jack came to know a music loving journalist C.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At this time jack became a troubled student only interested in music, arts, and theatre a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  age 8, played the wizard in a summer camp production of wizard of oz, b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   muscled his way into every show he could. D.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  age of thirteen first TV ad for the activision game Pitfall, a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  not a sign that that jacks acting career moving upwards. b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   15 jack got into cocaine, c.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  stolen money from his mom sent school for difficult teens, d.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  on campus therapists helped him greatly. E.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It was at a specialist arts and science school that he rediscovered At UCLA member of Tim Robbins acting troupe and it was now that Black Kyle Gass. a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   comic possibilities of stadium Rock. F.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  two chunky guys bashing on acoustic guitars, tribute to the greatest one a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  biggest cult bands of the late 90’s and 2000’s. G.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The D’s act showcased blacks theatrical abilities, amazing vocals, and gass’s support on the guitar a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  smoking pot, their musical and sexual powers, and subjects right out of dungeons and dragons. H.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The duo began playing together in 1994, Al’s Bar, playing just one number a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  the afore mentioned homage to the greatest song, â€Å"Tribute.† I.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  film debut in 1996’s Bio-Dome. hit it big, a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Beck, Pearl Jam, and the Foo Fighters. J.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2001 critical mass second nation wide tour selling out shows K.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  successfully maintaining band comedic star a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  High Fidelity, with Jon Cusack Tim Robbins

Colonial System (Summary)

The Philippine condition was a reflection of the political, economic and socio-religious developments of Spain. During the 16th and the 17th century almost all European monarchs adopted the political idea of absolutism as well as the economic system of mercantilism. Under the system of mercantilism, the king was involved in extensive intervention of any economic life to foster national growth. The Spanish government was highly centralized in form.All the Spanish governmental powers were all undertaken by this council; executive, legislative and judicial, and were transmitted to all governor-generals in each respective colony. The royal orders and edicts became the guides of any governor-general in administering the Philippines. He was at first appointed by the Viceroy of Mexico and later by the monarch of Spain. His vast powers and the distance of the Philippines from either Spain or Mexico shaped natural tendencies of a governor-general to be abusive. The Philippines was divided int o provinces and special districts.They were known as alcaldias and each under the charge of an alcalde mayor. The special districts were the unconquered regions or corregimientos, where Filipino resistance still went on. Unlike the governor-general, the alcalde mayor never had any legislative power. Only judicial cases over his towns were under his jurisdiction cases involving the amount of not more than Php200. The church prevailing principle of adaptation greatly influenced the Spanish government to relatively retain the prehispanic political structure of the Filipinos.In the beginning of Legaspi’s conquest, the office of gobernadorcillo, which is equivalent to the present town mayor, was heredity; opened to descendants of the datu or chieftains. The mayor political change in the choice of a gobernadorcillo came in 1847, when the Spanish Crown directed and sent the first Spanish Code of Laws for the native Filipinos. The election laws of 1847, according to Arcilla, required the following qualifications: a) he must be a native born; b) he must be 25 years old; c) able to read and write in Spanish; and d) never been guilty of any crime.The election was set in November, for a term of 2 years. The cabeza de barangay remained appointive; all were under the supervisory of the local priest and the alcalde mayor. The governadorcillo was tasked to supervise the collection of taxes in his town and pay the difference from his pocket if the collection of the taxes would not tally to the defective; inadequate census prepared and estimated by the Spanish friars. What made the Philippines government form unique was the union of church and state.By virtue of the Patronato Real, the Spanish king had the right to rule lands discovered, with a duty of supporting the material needs of the church in those lands. In other words, the king had the right to command and demand what was necessary to carry out the task he accepted from Rome, in order to help spread the Christian religion. The mighty Philip II, who had assumed these religious rights, seemed that his interest was in his mind, so, when we speak of the church in the Philippines during the Spanish regime, we mean particularly the Spanish church serving the ends of Spanish empire.The marriage between the church and state enabled the religious to occupy and dominate significant governmental positions. Historians acknowledge the fact that the real representative of the Spanish Crown was the church not the state. The Spanish Church was too conservative while they were responsible for the Christianization of the Filipinos they were also deterrents to nation’s progress thus, in the 19th century the Filipino propagandists, reformists and revolutionists demanded their expulsion from the Philippines.

Diffusion and Standardization with Operation System The WritePass Journal

Diffusion and Standardization with Operation System Reference Diffusion and Standardization with Operation System Abstract1. Introduction of Windows and Mac OS 2. The Development of the OS Standard 3. The MAC OS Threat 4.   How the proprietary regime would affect the diffusion ReferenceRelated Abstract This paper discusses the standard of operation system (OS) in the personal computer industry, and how Windows finally became a standard of this industry. To comprehend better of this process, we critically evaluate the proprietary regime and what is the effect of this regime on the diffusion process. This paper also provides a short view of network effect and switching cost, product preannouncement that have influenced the outcome of the standards competition. 1. Introduction of Windows and Mac OS There have been two distinct operation environments along with personal computer industry, Windows and Mac OS.   They are undergoing an intensive standard race over the past 10 years. Windows is an operation environment introduced by Microsoft in 1985, a strong market leader which accounts for more than 90% usage share in 2009 with its high quality and easy handling graphical user interfaces.1 Mac OS is a system developed by Apple, a small usage share of 6% and less well known in operation systems.2 The two systems are incompatible with each other by different technology support. Technologically speaking, both have their advantages. The Windows is supported by hardware configuration, which is provided by a series of hardware manufacturing, like INTEL 〠AMD. On the other hand, Mac OS has its uniqueness which is a way to differentiate it from all other personal computers out there. Mac OS is only to be installed at Apple’s computer by Apple’s license agreement, that is to say Apple is not to license their OS. What is more, Windows is able to run on any portable application and there are a mounting number of end systems could be offered with it. By contrast, Mac OS is compatible to limited software. 2. The Development of the OS Standard By the early 1980s, some small companies which led the minicomputer market in the late 1970s have been taken a hand by larger computers. A smaller number of de-facto industry standards have developed. In 1981, when the largest computer firm which is IBM entered into the microcomputer area and made the decision that all the IBM PC shipped with IBM PC-DOS which is a licensed version of Microsoft’s MS-DOS rather than the superior industry-standard CP/M-86 operation system.3 In 1984, 4 Microsoft achieved growth of revenues from MS- DOS’s sales by IBM and other competitor’s manufacturers who were willing to buy MS-DOS license to be shipped with their computers. However, it still achieved little popularity and it was competition with Apple’s own OS. Back then, the industry expected that the IBM would be the technical direction .However, 1987 when IBM made a risky business decision that chose to introduce their PS/2 line which would be licensed to anyone who could afford the royalty, however it failed to maintain the open AT bus.8 PS/2 line made the IBM machines were not IBM-compatible anymore. Because of that, many PC manufactures hold off accepting the PS/2 licenses and worked together on a new open bus type to all manufactures, which lead to that IBM no longer the leader and standard of the industry. Around the same time, at the beginning of the 1990s, 9 Microsoft developed a brand new OS –Windows, which turned out being very popular. At the same time, IBM would prefer to replace DOS with its vastly superior OS/2, but Microsoft insisted on pushing the industry standard with Windows.  Ã‚   With lower price and high technically superior performance, Windows became the de-facto standard with more than 2 million selling of copies of Windows version 3.0 in 1992. After then, Windows 95 made a revolutionary change to the user interface and also used preemptive multitasking. During that time, the early adopters of computer tended to use the internet to communicate the strengths and weaknesses of Windows 95 and programming more software. Windows XP was released and becoming the largest usage OS ever. In 2009, a new edition –windows 7 focused on new features with more compatible applications and hardware. Moreover, in 2011, a preannouncement of Windows 8 has been made that will be released in 2 years later in order to affect the choices of potential customers. In fact, Windows OS would be an open format with all the computers shipped with Windows is capable of using extensive compatible software. Moreover, the historical record reflected that the key to the success of Windows OS lay in the fact that Windows can be licensed to PC manufacturers as much as possible. 3. The MAC OS Threat Despite the extensive success of Windows OS in the past 20 years, industry competitor still is trying to change the market. Some preserved with the unique and technically superior system, like Mac OS by Apple. Apple’s Macintosh developed in 1984, which achieved a commercially successful in the beginning of 1980s. Macs are rapidly growing in popularity by its unique software/hardware market niche. They insisted on their unique standard with their proprietary system which is Mac OS that would run nothing anyone else programmed.7 In the case ofcomputer OS, Mac OS has very limited compatibility with other programme but on the other hand, is quite easy to use and requires relatively little maintenance, which is the reason why It is undergoing a slightly growth in the usage market in comparison with previous performance. 4.   How the proprietary regime would affect the diffusion As we all know that the value of a specific computer system depends on availability of compatible software 11.User usually not care whether others use the same computer as me, but I benefit indirectly from the fact that there are many other users of the same product which means that there is a large market of software. The historical record of Windows OS and Mac OS has shown that fact that Windows OS is a relatively open standard. Microsoft knowing that they would not dominate the market on their own without the cooperation to other computer manufacturing. Thus they licensed the Windows OS to other companies which at last achieved a monopoly on OS market with 90% share and all computers running their OS.   Apple, by contrast, made its Mac OS closed standard.   They has a high monopoly on Mac os with 100% of their computer Reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wintel islandnet.com/~kpolsson/compsoft/soft1991.htm thocp.net/companies/microsoft/microsoft_company.htm http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20090715083926AATdrXk Kennedy, Randall C. (2008-04-14).  Fat, fatter, fattest: Microsofts kings of bloat | Applications. InfoWorld. Retrieved 2010-01-12. http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1999-10-13/business/9910130219_1_chips-microprocessor-gartner ocdqblog.com/home/the-diffusion-of-data-governance.html G.M.Peter Swann The Economics of Innovation An Introdution 2009

Writing SOL Prompt 3 Essay Essays - Attitude Change, Belief

Writing SOL Prompt 3 Essay Essays - Attitude Change, Belief PROMPT: actions speak louder than words agree or disagree? I support the phrase actions speak louder than words. Words carry a lot of weight, from what we say to how we say it, but it is through our actions that truly show the sincerity and bring things into being. In many cases, what people say dont necessarily line up with what they are really doing or planning on doing. Its easier to understand words than to interpret a persons actions. However, actions have a greater appeal than words because of the physical element involved in them For example, its easy to talk about our dreams and hopes for future, but it a lot more than energy to take the steps that lead to bringing our dreams to reality. It requires a lot of hard work and determination. If all we ever do is talk about it, we begin to lose faith in ourselves because nothing really changes. When a student says that theyll end up going to an Ivy League school and become a highly-acclaimed doctor, they cant just sit there and wait for it to happen. In order to meet up with what they said, they have to actually put their words into action and work for it. Things dont come easy and that student wont be able to convince themselves or others until theyve actually accomplished things. Another example is when a political leader runs for office; they often list a plethora of things they promise or plan on doing. They say that theyll help the poorest members of society, cease the tension in the Middle East, help gain easier entrance to colleges and universities, and much more. Of course their promises sound great, but actions show the reality. Words are easy to roll of the tongue, theyre easy to calculate, and come from the mind. But actions truly reveal the real situation and show you thats really going on. Political leaders make their promises as a way to gain support and a way to lure the citizens attention to them. For all we know, they could be deceiving the citizens just to win an election. We dont know if what they say is true until theyve put their words into actions. Although there are many examples were the phrase is supported, it is somewhat over-exaggerated and an inaccurate clich. It lowers the important of the power of words and their ability to leave everlasting effects on an individual and even an entire society. Even just a few words can influence an entire generation. The power of language is phenomenal. For example, before the Holocaust actually began, Hitler didnt gain his followers and supporters through physical acts of violence and persuasion. He used words to overcome an entire nation and killed millions of people with them. He spoke out to crowds and convinced the German people that the Jewish society was a minority and needed to be diminished and destroyed. Hitler didnt physically force his people to lash out towards the Jewish people and commit homicide, he did it through his power of words. However, even though this example argues against the phrase, the number of examples that do support it, overweight it. Overall, I think that the saying actions speak louder than words is very accurate. Someone can speak a promise to you, but until they actually do something, theyre just words.

Signifcance of the marketing mix in the creation of positive Assignment

Signifcance of the marketing mix in the creation of positive cognitive, affective and behavioural response to the Brand of Zara - Assignment Example .......................................................................... 8 Figure II – Sample of Zara’s Online Advertisement and Catalogue .................................... 9 Figure III – Samples of Zara’s Store Outlet .......................................................................... 13 Figure IV – Photo of Women Going In and Out of Zara’s Store .......................................... 14 Figure V – Sample of Sara’s Interior Design ........................................................................ 15 Appendix I – Summary of Zara’s Store Outlets Worldwide ................................................ 19 References †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦ 20 - 25 1.0 Introduction Consumer behaviour is one of the highlights o f may scholars particularly in the world of business (Harmancioglu, Finney and Joseph, 2009). In most cases, consumer purchasing behaviour is pertaining to the study on how each individual responds to any form of marketing activities that can entice them to purchase a particular brand (Lake, 2009, pp. 9 – 13). Consumer purchasing behaviour is often classified as either planned or impulsive buying (Gutierrez, 2004; Hausman, 2000). In general, impulsive buyers is totally different from buyers who plan their purchases in the sense that impulsive buyers are more likely to project a more immediate unplanned purchases as compared to those buyers who are less impulsive (Tendai and Crspen, 2009). It means that majority of the impulsive buyers are often motivate in making their purchases based on their emotions. Rogers (1983, p. 15) mentioned that the theory of innovation diffusion can partly explain the purchasing behaviour of the public consumers. By learning more about the concept of diffusion of innovations, several authors have noted that the marketing personnel can benefit from a higher chance of success when selling and targeting a market for new products (Tyagi and Kumar, 2004, p. 150; Glaser and Montgomery, 1980). Therefore, product innovation related to product appearance, comfort and design is one factor that can trigger impulsive buying behaviour amongst the public consumers (Creusen and Schoormans, 2005; Fischer and Arnold, 1994). Other than the theory of innovation diffusion, several studies have noted that the concept of marketing mix (i.e. product, price, place, promotion) can also affect consumers’ cognitive, affective, and behavioural response (Faryabi, Sadeghzadeh and Saed, 2012; Karbasivar and Yarahmadi, 2011; Tendai and Crispen, 2009; Subrahmanyan and Gomez-Arias, 2008; Underwood, Klein and Burke, 2001). In relation to the brand Zara, this study will purposely examine the potential impact of marketing mix on consumer buying behaviour. The positive cognitive, affective, and behavioural effects of Zara’s advertising and branding strategies are significant within the global markets of fashion industry. As a Spanish fashion brand, Zara is very successful in the global fashion markets. For this reason, a lot of other fashion clothing companies are spending some of their precious time trying to analyze the secret behind the branding strategy of Zara. To give the readers a better understanding about this topic, a general background will first be provided with regards to the

In relation to customary international law, what are the difficulties Essay

In relation to customary international law, what are the difficulties involved in determining State practice and how is it possible to separate State practice from opinio juris - Essay Example Center of discussion in this paper is International Law as the body of laws, precepts and regulatory principles that govern relationships between states on the world stage. As states interact with each other in worldly affairs, a political, economic or financial business situation may be created whereby there is a disagreement or difference of viewpoint or even rules of conduct. As a result, one or both state entities may feel cheated and may either decide to settle their differences amicably with one another on agreed terms, resort to aggressive tactics like wars and embargoes or appeal to internationally recognized institutions like the International Courts of Justice and the United Nations Organization to solve their problems. For example, the UN last year has intervened to monitor the situation in Libya arising from the formation of opposition groups seeking to overthrow the corrupt and decadent regime of Col. Muammar Gaddafi. It passed Resolution 1970 on February 26, 2011 under which it condemned the escalation of violence in Libya, noting the loss of lives and heavy civilian casualties that defined crimes against humanity and the civilian population. It demanded a ceasefire and cessation of violent activities, ensuring safety and security to both citizens as well as foreign nationals. It also pressed for safety of the media which was instrumental in bringing information as to the actual situation on the ground. Among other things, the adoption of this resolution resulted in an arms embargo, the creation of a no-fly zone and freezing of assets as recommended by a high level Committee created in the aftermath of the Arab League meeting and the Organization of Islamic Conferences on the situation. Thankfully, the situation is now returning to normalcy since Gaddafi has been deposed and killed and the rest of his family is either in exile or has been arrested or killed. At the present time, the world community especially European and US officials have asked t he Security Council to pass a similar resolution against the regime in Syria, considering the nine month crackdown on protestors in which thousands have been killed or arrested. In terms of Lord Denning’s definition, given at the judgment of the case of Trendtex Trading Corp v Central Bank of Nigeria (1977), International Law may be described as ‘the sum of the rules or usages which civilized States have agreed shall be binding upon them in their dealings with one another’. It is primarily concerned with the behavior of States, and comprises the body of principles, rules and customs recognized as binding obligations by sovereign States and international entities. Higgins points out that ‘it is a system of normative conduct that States consider obligatory to follow’ and as may be formally defined by various conventions and agreements published by the United Nations, the